deep peroneal nerve - Google Search

Fanconi syndrome (also known as Fanconi's syndrome) is a disease of the proximal renal tubules of the kidney in which glucose, amino acids, uric acid, phosphate and bicarbonate are passed into the urine, instead of being reabsorbed.

Fanconi syndrome (also known as Fanconi's syndrome) is a disease of the proximal renal tubules[1] of the kidney in which glucose, amino acids, uric acid, phosphate and bicarbonate are passed into the urine, instead of being reabsorbed. Fanconi syndrome affects the proximal tubule, which is the first part of the tubule to process fluid after it is filtered through the glomerulus. It may be inherited, or caused by drugs or heavy metals.[2] lead po7soning

hypopyon - Google Search

Myxedema or myxoedema is a term used synonymously with severe hypothyroidism. It is also used to describe a dermatological change that can occur in hypothyroidism, and some forms of hyperthyroidism.

Hypertropia is a condition of misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), whereby the visual axis of one eye is higher than the fellow fixating eye. Hypotropia is the similar condition, focus being on the eye with the visual axis lower than the fellow fixating eye.

Fondaparinux (trade name Arixtra) is an anticoagulant medication chemically related to low molecular weight heparins

Oral glucose

Because GH secretion is inhibited by glucose, measurement of glucose nonsuppressibility may be useful, although there is debate as to what value of GH is considered “normal” after a 1.75g/kg oral glucose challenge (not to exceed 75 g oral glucose load). A paradoxic rise in GH concentration is seen in 15-20% of patients with acromegaly following oral glucose administration.

Two baseline GH levels are obtained prior to ingestion of 75 or 100 g of oral glucose, and additional GH measurements are made at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following the oral glucose load.

With newer assays for GH using the immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), acromegaly is thought to be present when a criterion of less than 1 mcg/L is used following oral glucose ingestion.

Growth hormone

Patients with active acromegaly have abnormal dynamics of GH secretion. A simple diagnostic approach is to measure serum GH 1 hour after oral administration of 100 g of glucose. Clearly elevated GH levels (>10 ng/mL) after oral glucose, combined with the clinical picture, secure the diagnosis of acromegaly, while a normal GH level (< 5 ng/mL) after oral glucose essentially excludes the diagnosis.

Only a small percentage of patients investigated for acromegaly have a postglucose GH level that is intermediate (5-10 ng/mL). In these patients, other tests can be used to define their status.

Before immunoassays for IGF-I, GH measurement was the only method used in the biochemical assessment of acromegaly,[22] and the availability of supersensitive GH has changed many aspects of the interpretation of the GH value. Hypersecretion and abnormal neuroregulation characterize acromegaly. GH can be measured in many ways to give useful information on diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. Measuring GH in the management of acromegaly complements the information IGF-I values provide.

Random GH measurements, however, often are not diagnostic, because of the episodic secretion of GH, its short half-life, and the overlap between GH concentration in individuals with acromegaly and individuals without the condition.

GHRH

GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) concentration may be obtained if clinically indicated. levels higher than 300 pg/mL usually indicate an ectopic source of GHRH. In pituitary disease (GHRH independent), GHRH concentration is normal or suppressed.

Prolactin

Because as many as 20% of GH-secreting pituitary adenomas co-secrete prolactin, the prolactin level also may be elevated. However, a rise in prolactin may result from stalk compression or from co-secretion from a pituitary adenoma. Pituitary adenomas may be associated with deficiencies of other pituitary hormones. Consider evaluation of the adrenal, thyroid, and gonadal axes.

Insulinlike growth factor I

As previously stated, IGF-I has been the most reliable biochemical indicator of acromegaly. An excellent linear dose-response correlation between serum IGF-I levels and 24-hour integrated GH secretion has been demonstrated. Elevated IGF-I values in a patient whose symptoms prompt appropriate clinical suspicion almost always indicate GH excess. IGF-I is useful not only in diagnosis, but also in monitoring the efficacy of therapy.

Measurement of IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), the primary binding protein for circulating IGF, is increased in acromegaly and may be useful in its diagnosis. It also may be helpful for monitoring the activity of the disease during treatment.

Factors altering IGF-I levels

Starvation, obesity, and diabetes mellitus decrease IGF-I concentration, while pregnancy increases it. In addition, IGF-I concentrations vary with age, which means an assay is required in which the normal ranges have been stratified to account for this discrepancy.

Potential confusion may arise in the evaluation of healthy adolescents, because IGF-I levels can be substantially higher during puberty than during adulthood. Always compare the patient's measurement with age-matched and sex-matched IGF-I reference ranges published in the literature or established for the specific testing laboratory.

Factors altering IGF-I levels

Starvation, obesity, and diabetes mellitus decrease IGF-I concentration, while pregnancy increases i

heparin induce thombocytopenia

Unlike other forms of thrombocytopenia, HIT is generally not marked by bleeding; instead, venous thromboembolism (eg, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) is the most common complication. Less often, arterial thrombosis (eg, myocardial infarction) may occur. For that reason, the disorder is sometimes termed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT).

ADHD is one of the most common childhood disorders and can continue through adolescence and into adulthood. The average age of onset is 7 years old.

The association of postcricoid dysphagia, upper esophageal webs, and iron deficiency anemia is known as Plummer-Vinson syndrome (PVS)

Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking emotions, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval.  

secuctive mean is tempting.. thayt mean atracting other peoples eye

Provocative (or seductive) behavior

Relationships are considered more intimate than they actually are

Attention-seeking

Influenced easily

Speech (style) wants to impress; lacks detail

Emotional lability; shallowness

Make-up; physical appearance is used to draw attention to self

Exaggerated emotions; theatrical

SEDUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OR HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER

bush fire

pyromania

ˌpʌɪrə(ʊ)ˈmeɪnɪə/

noun

an obsessive desire to set fire to things.

common cause for bush fire

Pyromania is an impulse control disorder[1] in which individuals repeatedly fail to resist impulses to deliberately start fires,[1] in order to relieve tension or for instant gratification.

Depersonalization

This article is about the psychological symptom. For the diagnosis, see depersonalization disorder.

Depersonalization (or depersonalisation) is an anomaly of self-awareness. It can consist of a reality or detachment within the self, regarding one's mind or body, or being a detached observer of oneself. Subjects feel they have changed, and the world has become vague, dreamlike, less real, or lacking in significance. It can be a disturbing experience. Chronic depersonalization refers to depersonalization/derealization disorder, which is classified by the DSM-5 as a dissociative disorder.[1]

THAMAN VENKENEK KIYALA HIYHAGENA  EG. BARAC OBAMA   EEEVIDIYATA ACT KARANAVA.

DISSOCIATIVE DISSODER AYATA ANIVARYEN DEPERSONALIAZATION THIYANAVA

Dissociative disorders (DD) are conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity, or perception. People with dissociative disorders use dissociation, a defense mechanism, pathologically and involuntarily. Dissociative disorders are thought to primarily be caused by psychological trauma.

Hypochondriasis, or hypochondria, is an overwhelming fear that you have a serious disease, even though health care providers can find no evidence of illness. People with hypochondriasis misinterpret normal body sensations as signs of serious illness.

Morbid jealousy, also known as Othello syndrome or delusional jealousy, is a psychological disorder in which a person is preoccupied with the thought that their spouse or sexual partner is being unfaithful without having any real proof, along with socially unacceptable or abnormal behaviour related to these thoughts

cause for pathological jealousy

Pathological jealousy may be secondary to other psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, depressive disorder, alcoholism, and organic disorder. Pathological jealousy can also arise from a personality disorder, in  which the person has a pervasive sense of his own inadequacy, and a vulnerability to anything that  might increase this sense of inadequacy, such as loss of status. In  the face of such threats, the person may project blame on to the partner, in the form of jealous accusations.

renin angiotensin system - Google Search

symtopms of  ateract

Signs and symptoms of cataracts include:

Clouded, blurred or dim vision

Increasing difficulty with vision at night

Sensitivity to light and glare

Seeing "halos" around lights

Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescription

Fading or yellowing of colors

Double vision in a single eye

maculer degenaration

macular degeneration - Google Search

age related maculer degenaration

macular degeneration - Google Search

In current medical practice, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-System's overactivity (and resultant hypertension) is more commonly reduced using either ACE inhibitors (such as ramipril and perindopril) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs, such as losartan, irbesartan or candesartan) rather than a direct oral renin inhibitor. ACE inhibitors or ARBs are also part of the standard treatment after a heart attack.

Oral cholecystogram: Abbreviated OCG. An x-ray procedure for diagnosing gallstones. The patient takes iodine-containing tablets by mouth for one night or two nights in a row

extra hepatic billiary obstrution following cholecystectomy

Biloma is a well recognized postcholecystectomy complication that often accompanies biliary ductal injury.

ace inhibitors

Contraindications and precautions

The ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in patients with:

Previous angioedema associated with ACE inhibitor therapy

Hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors

ACE inhibitors should be used with caution in patients with:

Impaired renal function

Aortic valve stenosis or cardiac outflow obstruction

Hypovolemia or dehydration

Hemodialysis with high-flux polyacrylonitrile membranes

globus hystericus

ˌɡləʊbəs hɪˈstɛrɪkəs/

nounMEDICINE

the sensation of a lump in the throat, as a symptom of anxiety or hysteria.

Globus pharyngis (also known as globus sensation, globus or, somewhat outdatedly, globus hystericus, commonly referred to as having a "lump in one's throat"), is the persistent sensation of having phlegm, a pill or some other sort of obstruction in the throat when there is none.

Schizophrenia is not associated with any characteristic laboratory results.

Diagnostic criteria

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, (DSM-5), to meet the criteria for diagnosis of schizophrenia, the patient must have experienced at least 2 of the following symptoms[1] :

Delusions

Hallucinations

Disorganized speech

Disorganized or catatonic behavior

Negative symptoms

At least 1 of the symptoms must be the presence of delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.

Continuous signs of the disturbance must persist for at least 6 months, during which the patient must experience at least 1 month of active symptoms (or less if successfully treated), with social or occupational deterioration problems occurring over a significant amount of time. These problems must not be attributable to another condition.

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) removed schizophrenia subtypes from the DSM-5 because they did not appear to be helpful for providing better-targeted treatment or predicting treatment response.

renal stone

Stones that are 7 mm and larger are unlikely to pass spontaneously and require some type of surgical procedure, such as the following:

Stent placement

Percutaneous nephrostomy

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

Ureteroscopy

Percutaneous nephrostolithotomy

Open nephrostomy

See Treatment and Medication for more detail.

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

SWL, the least invasive of the surgical methods of stone removal, utilizes high-energy sound waves focused on the stone to shatter it into passable fragments. It is especially suitable for stones that are smaller than 2 cm and lodged in the upper or middle calyx. It is contraindicated in pregnancy, patients with untreatable bleeding disorders, tightly impacted stones, or in cases of ureteral obstruction distal to the stone. In addition, the effectiveness is limited for very hard stones (which tend to be dense on CT scan), cystine stones, and in very large patients.

phenytoin , carbamazaphine, topiramidwith oral ctraceptive pilla

An interaction between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and the combined oral contraceptive pill was first proposed when the dose of estradiol in the oral contraceptive pill was reduced from 100 to 50 microg. There was a higher incidence of breakthrough bleeding and contraceptive failure among women with epilepsy compared with women in general. Since then, interaction studies have been undertaken to look for possible interactions between AEDs and the combined oral contraceptive pill. Phenobarbital (phenobarbitone), phenytoin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, felbamate and topiramate have been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinylestradiol and progestogens. Therefore, if a women is on one of the AEDs and wishes to take the oral contraceptive pill, she will need to take a preparation containing at least 50 microg of ethinylestradiol. Levonorgestrel implants are contraindicated in women receiving these AEDs because of cases of contraceptive failure. It is recommended that medroxyprogesterone injections be given every 10 rather than 12 weeks to women who are receiving AEDs that induce hepatic microsomal enzymes.

anancephally

Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening during the second trimester of pregnancy is an effective screening tool for identification of the vast majority of cases of anencephaly in women with or without a positive family history or other risk factors for neural tube defects.[18]

Amniotic alpha-fetoprotein (AFAFP) testing during the late first trimester and second trimester of pregnancy is a diagnostic biochemical test for anencephaly. False positives from AFAFP can be excluded based on the results of testing for acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), which should be clearly positive for open anencephaly.

su

Several types of hCG assay have been proposed for use in prenatal screening. Second-trimester maternal programs screening for T21 use either a beta-hCG assay or one that measures free beta-subunit. In trials of first-trimester screening, free beta-subunit in maternal serum and beta-core fragment in urine are under evaluation. The median values for beta-hCG in trisomic pregnancies are higher than values in normal pregnancies.

Schizophreniform disorder is a short-term type of schizophrenia, a serious mental illness that distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, perceives reality, and relates to others. Like schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder is a type of "psychosis" in which a person cannot tell what is real from what is imagined. Although schizophrenia is a lifelong illness, schizophreniform disorder involves symptoms that are present for less than six months. When symptoms persist longer than six months, the diagnosis is typically changed to schizophrenia.

histrionic

ˌhɪstrɪˈɒnɪk/

adjective

1.

excessively theatrical or dramatic in character or style.

About Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Brief Overview

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness that causes unstable moods, behavior, and relationships. It usually begins during adolescence or early adulthood.

Most people who have BPD suffer from:

Problems regulating their emotions and thoughts

Impulsive and sometimes reckless behavior

Unstable relationships

somatostatin and ocreotide(artficially produce somatostatin analog)

Somatostatin,is a naturally occurring tetradecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus and from pancreatic and enteric epithelial cells. (eg.gastric antram)

Through vasoconstriction, somatostatin diminishes blood flow to the portal system, thus decreasing variceal bleeding.(other than this somatostatin does some other funtion in the body, it is inhibit GH .so we call GHIH)

 It has effects similar to those of vasopressin but does not cause coronary vasoconstriction.

Somatostatin has an initial half-life of 1-3 minutes and is rapidly cleared from the circulation.

Somatostatin analogs inhibit the secretion of hormones involved in vasodilation.

Octreotide is a synthetic octapeptide.

 Compared with somatostatin, octreotide has similar pharmacologic actions with greater potency and longer duration of action. In the US, octreotide is used off-label for the management of variceal hemorrhage.[45]

Octreotide (Sandostatin)

 and has a multitude of other endocrine and nonendocrine effects, including the inhibition of glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and GI peptides. Octreotide has greater potency and a longer duration of action than somatostatin.

Beta-Blockers, Nonselective

Nonselective beta-blocking agents decrease hepatic arterial and portal venous perfusion. Beta-adrenergic blockers may block the effect of vasodilators, decrease platelet adhesiveness and aggregation, and increase the release of oxygen to tissues.

Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals. In most species it contains arginine and is thus also called arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin.[1] Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and to constrict blood vessels.[2] Vasopressin regulates the body's retention of water

Pyoderma gangrenosum is an uncommon, ulcerative cutaneous condition of uncertain etiology. It is associated with systemic diseases in at least 50% of patients who are affected.[1, 2] The diagnosis is made by excluding other causes of similar-appearing cutaneous ulcerations, including infection, malignancy, vasculitis, collagen vascular diseases, diabetes, and trauma.

abducens nerve - Google Search

Postpartum Psychosis

Postpartum psychosis is the most severe form of postpartum psychiatric illness.[58] The condition is rare, occurring in approximately 1-2 per 1000 women after childbirth.[7] At highest risk are women with a personal history of bipolar disorder or a previous episode of postpartum psychosis.[59, 60]

Presentation

Postpartum psychosis has a dramatic onset, emerging as early as the first 48-72 hours after delivery. In most women, symptoms develop within the first 2 postpartum weeks.[58, 60] The condition resembles a rapidly evolving manic or mixed episode, with symptoms such as restlessness and insomnia, irritability, rapidly shifting depressed or elated mood, and disorganized behavior.[58, 60]

The mother may have delusional beliefs that relate to the infant (eg, the baby is defective or dying, the infant is Satan or God), or she may have auditory hallucinations that instruct her to harm herself or her infant.[3, 35, 43, 58, 60]

The risks for infanticide and suicide are high among women with untreated postpartum psychosis.[35, 43] Rates of infanticide in this population are as high as 4%.[43]

Management

Puerperal psychosis is a psychiatric emergency that typically requires inpatient treatment.[20, 54, 60] Most patients with postpartum psychosis have bipolar disorder. Acute treatment includes a mood stabilizer (eg, lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine) in combination with antipsychotic medications and benzodiazepines.[20]

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (often bilateral) is well tolerated and rapidly effective.[53]

Breastfeeding and Psychotropic Medications

Women who plan to breastfeed must be informed that all psychotropic medications, including antidepressants, are secreted into breast milk. Concentrations in breast milk vary widely.[61] Infant serum blood levels of antidepressants are not typically obtained unless the question of toxicity in the infant arises.

Data on the use of tricyclic antidepressants, fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine during breastfeeding are encouraging, and serum antidepressant levels in the breastfed infant are either low or undetectable. Reports of toxicity in breastfed infants are rare, although the long-term effects of exposure to trace amounts of medication are not known.[4]

Women treated with valproic acid and carbamazepine should avoid breastfeeding, because these agents have been associated with hepatotoxicity in the infant.[4] In addition, avoid breastfeeding in premature infants or in those with hepatic insufficiency who may have difficulty metabolizing medications present in breast milk.[4]

Breastfeeding in women treated with lithium should be pursued with caution because lithium is secreted at high levels in breast milk and may cause significant toxicity in the nursing infant. If the breastfed infant is exposed to lithium in the breast milk, periodic monitoring of lithium levels and thyroid function is indicated.[4, 61]

Women with bipolar disorder or a history of postpartum psychosis may benefit from prophylactic treatment with lithium, initiated either before or within 24 hours of delivery.

Stages of Alzheimer's disease[18]

Effects of ageing on memory but not AD

Forgetting things occasionally

Misplacing items sometimes

Minor short-term memory loss

Not remembering exact details

Early stage Alzheimer's

Not remembering episodes of forgetfulness

Forgets names of family or friends

Changes may only be noticed by close friends or relatives

Some confusion in situations outside the familiar

Middle stage Alzheimer's

Greater difficulty remembering recently learned information

Deepening confusion in many circumstances

Problems with sleep

Trouble knowing where they are

Late stage Alzheimer's

Poor ability to think

Problems speaking

Repeats same conversations

More abusive, anxious, or paranoid

Alzheimer disease (AD) is an acquired disorder of cognitive and behavioral impairment that markedly interferes with social and occupational functioning. It is an incurable disease with a long and progressive course. In AD, plaques develop in the hippocampus, a structure deep in the brain that helps to encode memories, and in other areas of the cerebral cortex that are used in thinking and making decisions. Whether plaques themselves cause AD or whether they are a by-product of the AD process is still unknown. See the image below.

Coronal T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in a patient with moderate Alzheimer disease. Brain image reveals hippocampal atrophy, especially on the right side.

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Signs and symptoms

Preclinical Alzheimer disease

A patient with preclinical AD may appear completely normal on physical examination and mental status testing. Specific regions of the brain (eg, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus) probably begin to be affected 10-20 years before any visible symptoms appear.

Mild Alzheimer disease

Signs of mild AD can include the following:

Memory loss

Confusion about the location of familiar places

Taking longer to accomplish normal, daily tasks

Trouble handling money and paying bills

Compromised judgment, often leading to bad decisions

Loss of spontaneity and sense of initiative

Mood and personality changes; increased anxiety

Moderate Alzheimer disease

The symptoms of this stage can include the following:

Increasing memory loss and confusion

Shortened attention span

Problems recognizing friends and family members

Difficulty with language; problems with reading, writing, working with numbers

Difficulty organizing thoughts and thinking logically

Inability to learn new things or to cope with new or unexpected situations

Restlessness, agitation, anxiety, tearfulness, wandering, especially in the late afternoon or at night

Repetitive statements or movement; occasional muscle twitches

Hallucinations, delusions, suspiciousness or paranoia, irritability

Loss of impulse control: Shown through behavior such as undressing at inappropriate times or places or vulgar language

Perceptual-motor problems: Such as trouble getting out of a chair or setting the table

Severe Alzheimer disease

Patients with severe AD cannot recognize family or loved ones and cannot communicate in any way. They are completely dependent on others for care, and all sense of self seems to vanish.

Other symptoms of severe AD can include the following:

Weight loss

Seizures, skin infections, difficulty swallowing

Groaning, moaning, or grunting

Increased sleeping

Lack of bladder and bowel control

In end-stage AD, patients may be in bed much or all of the time. Death is often the result of other illnesses, frequently aspiration pneumonia.

See Clinical Presentation for more detail.

Endogenous Depression is an atypical sub-class of the mood disorder, major depressive disorder (clinical depression). Endogenous depression includes patients with treatment-resistant, non-psychotic, major depressive disorder, characterized by abnormal behavior of the endogenous opioid system but not the monoaminergic system.

Endogenous depression is a type of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although it used to be seen as a distinct disorder, endogenous depression is now rarely diagnosed. Instead, it’s currently diagnosed as MDD. MDD, also known as clinical depression, is a mood disorder characterized by persistent and intense feelings of sadness for extended periods of time. These feelings have a negative impact on mood and behavior as well as various physical functions, including sleep and appetite.

How Does Endogenous Depression Differ from Exogenous Depression?

Researchers used to differentiate endogenous depression and exogenous depression by the presence or absence of a stressful event before the onset of MDD:

Alcoholic hallucinosis vs. delirium tremens

Both alcoholic hallucinosis and DTs have been thought of as different manifestations of the same physiological process in the body during alcohol withdrawal.[8]Alcoholic hallucinosis is a much less serious diagnosis than delirium tremens. Delirium tremens (DTs) do not appear suddenly, unlike alcoholic hallucinosis. DTs also take approximately 48 to 72 hours to appear after the heavy drinking stops. A tremor develops in the hands and can also affect the head and body. A common symptom of delirium tremens is that people become severely uncoordinated. The biggest difference between alcoholic hallucinosis and delirium tremens is that alcoholic hallucinosis have a much better prognosis than DTs.[9] Moreover, delirium tremens can be fatal when untreated.[5]

treat for alcoholic hallucination

Monday, February 22, 2016

9:43 AM

Alcohol abuse can create a deficiency of thiamine, magnesium, zinc, folate and phosphate as well as cause low blood sugar.[10] However, several tested drugs have shown the disappearance of hallucinations. Neuroleptics and benzodiazepines showed normalization. Common benzodiazepines are chlordiazepoxide and lorazepam. It’s been shown that management has been effective with a combination of abstinence from alcohol and the use of neuroleptics.[1

alcoholic hallocination mainly due to auditory..

Alcoholic hallucinosis  is a rare  condition characterized by distressing auditory hallucinations (usually of voices uttering threats) occurring in clear consciousness. Some patients argue aloud with the voices, others feel compelled to follow instructions from them. Delusional misinterpretations may follow, often of a persecutory kind, so that  the clinical picture can resemble schizophrenia. The condition can arise while the person is still drinking heavily, or when intake has been reduced. It  is of variable duration and when chronic needs to be distinguished from a primary schizophrenic disorder. It  usually responds to antipsychotics and has a good prognosis. The symptoms may reoccur if drinking resumes.

Lung cancers are generally divided into two main categories: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancers. Histologically, NSCLC is divided further into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and large cell carcinoma. (See Pathophysiology.)

cancer is known to be caused by tobacco smoking in as many as 90% of patients. However, two recent studies have reported rising NSCLC rates in persons who have never smoked:

small cell lung cancer are usually due to smaking

adeno carcinoma are now becoming more than squaremus cal CA. amost of adeno ca due to smarning.. but non smaker also get adeno ca

chart of lung cancers.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

cause for gunecomastia

Antiandrogen/inhibitors of androgen synthesis are as follows:

Cyproterone acetate

Flutamide, bicalutamide, nilutamide

Finasteride, dutasteride

Ketoconazole

Spironolactone

Tea tree oil

Cancer/chemotherapeutic drugs are as follows:

Alkylating agents

Methotrexate

Vinca alkaloids

Imatinib

Cardiac and antihypertensive medications are as follows:

Calcium channel blockers (verapamil, nifedipine, diltiazem)

ACE Inhibitors (captopril, enalapril)

Digoxin

Alpha-blockers

Amiodarone

Methyldopa

Reserpine

Nitrates

Hormones are as follows:

Androgens

Anabolic steroids

Estrogens

Growth hormones

Chorionic gonadotropin

Psychoactive drugs are as follows:

Haloperidol

Diazepam

Tricyclic antidepressants

Haloperidol

Phenothiazines

Drugs for infectious diseases are as follows:

Antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS (eg, indinavir)

Isoniazid

Ethionamide

Griseofulvin

Minocycline

Metronidazole

Ketoconazole

Drugs of abuse are as follows:

Amphetamines

Heroin

Methadone

Alcohol

Marijuana

Others are as follows:

Theophylline

Omeprazole

Auranofin

Diethylpropion

Domperidone

Penicillamine

Sulindac

Heparin

Methotrexate

Two common presentations of patients with IgA nephropathy are episodic gross hematuria and persistent microscopic hematuria. Recurrent macroscopic hematuria, usually associated with an upper respiratory tract infection, or, less often, gastroenteritis is the most frequent clinical presentation and is observed in 40-50% of presenting patients. In 30-40% of patients, the disease is asymptomatic, with erythrocytes (RBCs), RBC casts, and proteinuria discovered on urinalysis. Patients with IgA nephropathy can also present with acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease

The importance of the therapeutic relationship, also known as therapeutic alliance, between client and therapist is often regarded as crucial to psychothera

What is psychoanalytic psychotherapy?

What is psychoanalytic or psychodynamic psychotherapy?

Psychoanalytic or psychodynamic psychotherapy draws on theories and practices of analytical psychology and psychoanalysis. It is a therapeutic process which helps patients understand and resolve their problems by increasing awareness of their inner world and its influence over relationships both past and present. It differs from most other therapies in aiming for deep seated change in personality and emotional development.

Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy aim to help people with serious psychological disorders to understand and change complex, deep-seated and often unconsciously based emotional and relationship problems thereby reducing symptoms and alleviating distress.

Sometimes people seek help for specific reasons such as eating disorders, psycho-somatic conditions, obsessional behaviour, or phobic anxieties. At other times help is sought because of more general underlying feelings of depression or anxiety, difficulties in concentrating, dissatisfaction in work or inability to form satisfactory relationships.

The Billings Ovulation Method (BOM) is a method which women use to monitor their fertility, by identifying when they are fertile and when they are infertile during each ovarian/menstrual cycle. Users pay attention to the sensation at their vulva, and the appearance of any vaginal discharge

billing methord of contraception

Monday, February 22, 2016

11:11 AM

To use the cervical mucus method, it's important to understand how cervical secretions change during a typical menstrual cycle. Generally, you'll have:

No noticeable cervical secretions for three to four days after your period ends

Scanty, cloudy and sticky secretions for the next three to five days

Abundant, clear and wet secretions for the next three to four days — the period before and during ovulation

No noticeable cervical secretions for 11 to 14 days until your next period begins

). Patients with ALL can have a high, normal, or low white blood cell (WBC) count, but they usually exhibit neutropenia

One third of patients who experience STEMI die within 24 hours of the onset of ischemia, and many of the survivors experience significant morbidity.

Acute myocardial infarction is associated with a 30% mortality rate; half of the deaths occur prior to arrival at the hospital. An additional 5-10% of survivors die within the first year after their myocardial infarction. Approximately half of all patients with a myocardial infarction are rehospitalized within 1 year of their index event.

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia is a form of dyskinesia associated with levodopa used to treat Parkinson's disease. It often involves hyperkinetic movements, including chorea, dystonia, and athetosis.[1]

rectal cancer

Bleeding is the most common symptom of rectal cancer, occurring in 60% of patients.

Change in bowel habits is present in 43% of patients; change is not evident in some cases because the capacity of a rectal reservoir can mask the presence of small lesions. When change does occur it is often in the form of diarrhea, particularly if the tumor has a large villous component.

Unlike obstructive lung diseases, including asthma and COPD, which show a normal or increased total lung capacity (TLC), restrictive disease are associated with a decreased TLC.

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) can occur in a developing fetus of a pregnant woman who has contracted rubella, usually in the first trimester. If infection occurs 0–28 days before conception, the infant has a 43% chance of being affected. If the infection occurs 0–12 weeks after conception, the chance increases to 51%. If the infection occurs 13–26 weeks after conception, the chance is 23% of the infant being affected by the disease. Infants are not generally affected if rubella is contracted during the third trimester, or 26–40 weeks after conception.

Common causes of postcoital bleeding include: cervical pathology (dysplasia), sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia or gonorrhea), or cervical polyps. Vaginitis, caused by an infection such as Trichomonas or Candida, can also result in bleeding but the patient would likely be symptomatic, complaining of discharge, itching, or irritation

Hot nodules are virtually never malignant. If the nodule is cold, chances are still good that it’s not malignant – but not quite as good: about 10% of cold nodules turn out to be malignant.

Mycosis fungoides, also known as Alibert-Bazin syndrome or granuloma fungoides, is the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It generally affects the skin, but may progress internally over time. Symptoms include rash, tumors, skin lesions, and itchy skin.

supiurative hidroadenitis

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a disorder of the terminal follicular epithelium in the apocrine gland–bearing skin. This condition is a chronic disabling disorder that relentlessly progresses, frequently causing keloids, contractures, and immobility. See the image below

dermatogibroma

Dermatofibroma (superficial benign fibrous histiocytoma) is a common cutaneous nodule of unknown etiology that occurs more often in women. Dermatofibroma frequently develops on the extremities (mostly the lower legs) and is usually asymptomatic, although pruritus and tenderness can be present.

Parasympathetic tone from these sources are obviously well matched to sympathetic tone in healthy people. Hyperstimulation of parasympathetic influence promotes bradyarrhythmias. When hyperstimulated, the left vagal branch predisposes the heart to conduction block at the atrioventricular node.

the substance released by the vagus nerve as vagusstoff, which was later found to be acetylcholine. Drugs that inhibit the muscarinic receptors (anticholinergics) such as atropine and scopolamine, are called vagolytic because they inhibit the action of the vagus nerve on the heart, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs. Anticholinergic drugs increase heart rate and are used to treat bradycardia.

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