akathisia

Akathisia, or acathisia (from Greek "to sit", a- indicating negation or absence, lit. "inability to sit") is a movement disorder characterized by a feeling of inner  restlessness and a compelling need to be in constant motion, as well as by actions such as rocking while standing or sitting, lifting the feet as if marching on the spot, and crossing and uncrossing the legs while sitting. People with akathisia are unable to sit or keep still, complain of restlessness, fidget, rock from foot to foot, and pace

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare, but life-threatening, idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic medications that is characterized by fever, muscular rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction. NMS often occurs shortly after the initiation of neuroleptic treatment, or after dose increases

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare, but life-threatening, idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic medications that is characterized by fever, muscular rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction. NMS often occurs shortly after the initiation of neuroleptic treatment, or after dose increases.

 Signs and symptoms

 The key to diagnosis is that NMS occurs only after exposure to an neuroleptic drug. On average, onset is 4-14 days after the start of therapy; 90% of cases occur within 10 days. However, NMS can occur years into therapy. Once the syndrome starts, it usually evolves over 24-72 hours.

Cardinal features are as follows:

Severe muscular rigidity

Hyperthermia (temperature >38°C)

Autonomic instability

Changes in the level of consciousness

Eg of neuroleptic drug is haloperidol

Tardive dyskinesias (TDs) are involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, face, trunk, and extremities that occur in patients treated with long-term dopaminergic antagonist medications. Although they are associated with the use of neuroleptics, TDs apparently existed before the development of these agents. People with schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders are especially vulnerable to the development of TDs after exposure to conventional neuroleptics, anticholinergics, toxins, substances of abuse, and other agents.

Tardive dyskinesia /ˈtɑːrdᵻv ˌdɪskᵻˈniːʒə/ (TD) is a difficult-to-treat and often incurable form of dyskinesia, a disorder resulting in involuntary, repetitive body movements. In this form of dyskinesia, the involuntary movements are tardive, meaning they have a slow or belated onset.[1] This neurological disorder most frequently occurs as the result of long-term or high-dose use of antipsychotic drugs,or in children and infants as a side effect from usage of drugs for gastrointestinal disorders

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia is a form of dyskinesia associated with levodopa used to treat Parkinson's disease. It often involves hyperkinetic movements, including chorea, dystonia, and athetosis.[

Patients who have had a stroke are at increased risk for vascular dementia. Recently, vascular lesions have been thought to play a role in AD.

there should be a high prevalence of Dx  in the community if u are going to introduce a new screen test for that dx

pap smear testing should commence from age 18 to 20

of after 1st sexual intercause

then do every 2 yearly

tetanus prophylaxis is a primary prevenyion

screening sigmodescopy, pap , bp screening are secondary prevention test

chlamidial infection testing has recommended pt who are younger than 25 years. or at the age of 25

it is the commenst age having infection

or pt who are having , multiple sexual partnesa

Squarmus cell carcinoma  groin nodes can be due to perineum, scrotum and anus aor legs.but sun expose legs are more likely cause .testicular and rectal CA are not squarmus tupe and drain to para aortic nodes. testiculer tumors are seminoma or nonseminomas germ celle tumours.rectum adenocarcinoma

tumus below the dentate line of anus are squamurs cell type

entamoiba hystolitica... is treted by metronidazole orr tinidazole one to 2 week

less than 5 year death most common due to neonatal problem in world wide

Important sign of heart failure in infants. An infant’s liver is normally palpable 1–2 cm below the costal margin.

Wilms’ tumour – renal mass, sometimes visible, does not cross midline

Neuroblastoma – irregular firm mass, may cross midline; the child is usually very unwell

multiple sclerosis cause to optic nerve demyalination and pale optic disc and blindness

1st line tx for pead ezceama is corticosteroid.

 secondline tx is CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR such as pimecrolimus

Trazodone can be add with a pt who complain insomnia who alreday on antidepresant. can use long term.but benzodiazepine can not use

prevalence of physical abuse by spose during pregnancy is higher than non pregnent period

chronic compartment syndrome occur in young specially female pation who are doing excersice and running. complain paiin over legs . due to increse presser. diagnosis by cheacking pressure

in the compartment clomipramine

cause of OCD is serotonine reduction in frontL lobe.treat vith SSRI  or some time  clomiphine

restless leg syndrome neurologic movement disoder

secondary RLS treated with Fe supplement

shift work insomnia can be treated with bright light therapy

Glycopyllorate use in pliative care to reduce respiratoy secretions

Capture Apr 1, 2016

bacterial vaginosis cause clue cell ..its vaginal wall cell.. ALSO

also gardenella vaginalis in 100m%

treat with metronidazole and clindamicine

Hemophelia x link recessive

duchenne mus dystropy xlink recessive

HIGH IgA level in monoclonal gam

high level of IgA in monoclonal gammopathy cause high ananic gap

boerhaave syndrome .. alcoholoic pt pressent with vomiting , subcutenious empheseama..

Boerhaave first described the spontaneous rupture of the esophagus in 1724. It typically occurs after forceful emesis. Boerhaave syndrome is a transmural perforation of the esophagus to be distinguished from Mallory-Weiss syndrome, a nontransmural esophageal tear also associated with vomiting.

post heretic pain reduce by acyclovior and famcyclovior... BUT NOT BY AMITRIPTALIN

best clinical sign of uterine rupture is fetal bradycardia

lower back pain can be due to spinal stenosis  or disc herniation.

in spinal stenosis , sitting releave pain and standing increase pain.

high cardiac out put cardiac failure can be due to thyroxicosis. so pls exclude

visual hallucinations are more commoner than auditory hallucination in delirium tremens.

motality ratev35% if untreated

juvenile polyposis presented with painless bleeding.. not mucus secretion

nicotine patch

noun

a patch impregnated with nicotine, which is worn on the skin by a person trying to give up smoking. Nicotine is gradually absorbed into the bloodstream, helping reduce the craving for cigarettes.

paranoid delusions i  schizophrenia response to nati psychotic very nicely

Munchausen syndrome, referred to as factitious disorder, is a mental illness that involves the sufferers causing or pretending to have physical or psychological symptoms in themselves.

Adults aged 20-40 years are most likely to develop Munchausen syndrome. Women with knowledge of health care and men with few family relationships are particularly vulnerable to developing this disorder.

mittelschmerz =mid cycle pain

ephiglottitis cause by H.influenza B

Gamekeeper's thumb (also known as skier's thumb or UCL tear) is a type of injury to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the thumb. The UCL is torn at (or in some cases even avulsed from) its insertion site into the proximal phalanx of the thumb in the vast majority (approximately 90%) of cases.

Boxer's Fracture is a colloquial term for a fracture of one of the metacarpal bones of the hand. Classically, the fracture occurs transversely across the neck of the bone, after the patient strikes an object with a closed fist.

boxurs fracture

3:56 PM

The term mallet finger has long been used to describe the deformity produced by disruption of the terminal extensor mechanism at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint.[1, 2, 3, 4] It is the most common closed tendon injury seen in athletes, though it is also common in nonathletes after "innocent" trauma. Mallet finger has also been referred to as drop, hammer, or baseball finger (though baseball accounts for only a small percentage of such injuries).

mallat finger =baseall finger

olanzipine and clozapine like 2nd genaretion antipsychotic cause wiight gain and diabetic

elavate trigliceride too

thyroiditis treat with prednisolon

Li excreted by kidney . so RFT should do every 3 months

also ECG should be check, Li case sinus node deprestion and T flataning

hypothyroidism, high WBC